Times Arrow, Times Cycle ( Stephen Jay Gould ) free essay sample

Surveys chip away at advancement of geologists comprehension of the idea of profound time in seventeenth Cent.- nineteenth Cent. In Times Arrow, Times Cycle, Stephen Jay Gould talks about the advancement of geologists comprehension of the idea of profound time. Gould contemplated messages by Thomas Burnet, James Hutton, and Charles Lyellthree logical essayists who moved toward this inquiry in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth hundreds of years. Customarily, readings of these three essayists would in general spotlight on how much each man utilized the logical technique in researching the subject of the Earths age. The more prominent the researchers reliance on logical technique, the students of history contemplated, the closer he went to reality. Consequently, these researchers have frequently been positioned, and comprehended, based on their adherence to guidelines that are natural to the twentieth century, yet were all the while advancing when they composed. Over the span of his rehashed close readings of the writings, where. We will compose a custom exposition test on Times Arrow, Times Cycle ( Stephen Jay Gould ) or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page .

Marketing Magazine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Promoting Magazine - Research Paper Example These two developments make up the entire BtoB Magazine undertaking giving important data to its customer base both in print and on the web. Media Magazine is labeled as an instrument to associate promoting authorities with the most exceptional game-changing methodologies got from the most recent examinations and investigations. The magazine is distributed month to month where â€Å"Every issue is loaded up with the game-changing procedures and strategies B2B advertisers need to surpass. Each page and pixel is stuffed with substance - news, cases, extraordinary reports, innovations, benchmarks, best practices - served up by the most educated B2B advertising writers to ever work this prospering beat† (in the same place.). This additionally has its electronic release where customers can buy in a flash. Its online media is rising as the most practical of every one of its items with the incorporation of its online form beside print, webcasts by its program of writers, sites refres hed day by day, e-pamphlets and online articles among other. The magazine’s current issue highlights BtoB’s Best for 2011, a yearly commencement of the best in the business. The rundown incorporates the best advertisers and officials who had the option to make progress in their battles as picked by the editors. Each discharge contains articles customized to profit today’s CMOs. ... BtoBonline.com interfaces top-level advertisers to the information and data that they need. This offers day by day news, exceptional reports, vertical showcasing, schedules and media occasions, registry of advertising merchants, and the articles contained in their Media Business. Their media pack likewise incorporates Media Business, E-bulletins and occasions just as their distributed rates for BtoB on the web. Tests for the size and where the notices might be situated inside the page are given in their downloadable record in Acrobat Reader position. The situation of the promotions can be seen at the highest point of the landing page for Summit Media Group during the visit, a vertical advertisement on the privilege by Equifax, corresponding to it is for AT&T and a littler square box for mardevdm2.com at the base. For landing page promoting in open CPM of 728x90 their cost is $115, 300x250 is as of now same cost while 160x600 is $125. For Run-of-site in open CPM of 728x90 the cost is $110, 300x250 additionally a similar cost and for 160x600 it’s $120. Detour takeover or what is basically a spring up 640x480 the valuing is somewhat extraordinary with the expense contingent upon the day or all out number days. For an entire week, a promoter should dish out $6,000, on Mondays $2,750, Tuesdays $2,500, Wednesdays $2,250, Thursdays $2,000, Fridays $1,500 and for quite a long time its $1,000. There are additionally White Papers where on the BtoB Site there is an immediate channel that will connect the white papers to showcasing administrators by adding one’s white paper to their on location library. This in like manner empowers the publicist to recover the total contact data of the individuals who download their white paper permitting discussions. The one month program is estimated Index and

Cover Trend That One Serif Font

Cover Trend That One Serif Font I love me a good book cover trend. This is one youve seen everywhere. Its similar to the big cover trend of 2018, outlined by Literary Hub, but with one tweak. Instead of a big, bold sans-serif font on a vibrant background, these have a serif font on a solid background. Simple. Gorgeous. Its a good trend, Brent. The majority of the books with this treatment are non-fiction by and about white women, with a few exceptions. If you flip through a list of feminist works of 2018, a good chunk of them will fit this cover trend. I guess its a ~girly~ look? Its also the go-to font for a lot of fashion blogs right now. It seems like the trend got started in 2017, with these two: The Girl in the Show: Three Generations of Comedy, Culture, Feminism by Anna Fields Sex Rage by Eve Babitz But THEN 2018 happened, and, hoo boy, have we got a lot of them. Lets take a gander. Also, sorry (not sorry) in advance, but you will be finding this cover trend everywhere now. Black Swans by Eve Babitz Conscience: A Novel by Alice Mattison The Dakota Winters by Tom Barbash Dead Girls: Essays on Surviving an American Obsession by Alice Bolin Dictionary Stories: Short Fictions and Other Findings by Jez Burrows Feminasty: The Complicated Womans Guide to Surviving the Patriarchy Without Drinking Herself to Death by Erin Gibson From the Corner of the Oval by Beck Dorey-Stein Horse: A Novel by Talley English MI5 and Me: A Coronet Among the Spooks by Charlotte Bingham Man with a Seagull on His Head by Harriet Paige Penis Envy and Other Bad Feelings: The Emotional Costs of Everyday Life by Mari Ruti Putney by Sofka Zinovieff She Called Me Woman: Nigerias Queer Women Speak, edited by Azeenarh Mohammed, Chitra Nagarajan, ?Aisha Salau Small Fry by Lisa Brennan-Jobs Someone Has Led This Child to Believe: A Memoir by Regina Louise Tell Me Lies by Carola Lovering Unwifeable: A Memoir by Mandy Stadtmiller Note that I *do* work in book design, but Im not, like, super savvy in the world of typefaces, so dont @ me about these not all being exactly Bodoni Old Style Bold. THEYRE CLOSE. Other book trends this year: floral fiction, ultra violet YA, and the art of YA book titles.

What Is a Montessori School

Montessori schools follow the philosophy of Dr. Maria Montessori, Italys first female doctor who dedicated her life to discovering more about how children learn. Today, there are Montessori schools around the world. Heres more about Dr. Montessori and the Montessori Method based on her teachings. More About Maria Montessori Dr. Montessori (1870-1952) studied medicine at the University of Rome  and graduated, despite harassment over her gender. After graduating, she became involved with the study of children with mental disabilities and read widely in the field of education. She later helped to direct a school to train teachers to work with mentally disabled children. The school won acclaim from authorities for its compassionate and scientific care of children. After studying philosophy (which we would today recognize as closer to the field of psychology), she was involved in 1907 in opening Casa dei Bambini, a school for the children of working parents in the Roman slum of San Lorenzo. She helped to direct this school but did not teach the children directly. In this school, she developed many of the methods that became the core of her educational Montessori Method, including using light, child-sized furniture that the children could move as they liked, and using her materials instead of traditional toys. In addition, she asked the children to take care of many practical activities, such as sweeping, caring for pets, and cooking. She noticed that over time, children left to explore and play on their own developed self-initiative and self-discipline. Montessoris methods became so popular that schools based on her methodology spread across Europe and the world. The first American school based on the Montessori Method opened in Tarrytown, New York, in 1911. Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, was a huge proponent of the Montessori Method, and he and his wife opened a school in their home in Canada. Dr. Montessori wrote many books about her educational methods, including The Montessori Method (1916), and she opened training centers for teachers around the world. In later years, she was also an advocate of pacifism. What is the Montessori Method Like Today? There are currently over 20,000 Montessori schools around the world, which educate children from birth to age 18. Most of the schools serve young children from about age 2 or 2.5 years to age 5 or 6. The schools that use the name Montessori in their titles vary with regard to how strictly they adhere to Montessori methods, so parents should be sure to research the schools methods carefully before enrolling their children. There is some controversy in the Montessori community about what constitutes a Montessori school. The American Montessori Society keeps a list of schools and teacher training programs. Montessori schools intend to foster the creativity of their students by encouraging them to play independently. Students often can choose what to play with, and they interact with Montessori materials rather than with traditional toys. Through discovery rather than direct instruction, they work to develop independence, self-reliance, and confidence. Usually, classrooms have child-size furniture, and the materials are placed on shelves where the children can reach them. Teachers often introduce the materials, and then children can choose when to use them. Montessori materials are often practical in nature and include pitchers from which to measure, natural materials such as shells, and puzzles and blocks. The materials are often constructed from wood or textiles. The materials also help children develop skills such as fastening buttons, measuring, and building, and they are designed to help the children master these skills over time through their own self-directed practice. In addition, children are usually taught in mixed-aged classrooms so that older children can help nurture and teach younger children, thereby increasing the older childrens self-confidence. The same teacher generally stays with children for their entire time in one grouping, and therefore the teachers get to know the students very well and help guide their learning. Article  edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Causes and Effects of Watershed Degradation - 7239 Words

USING SUITABLE EXAMPLES FROM KENYA, EXAMINE THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF WATERSHED DEGRADATION AND SUGGEST POSSIBLE INTERVENTION MEASURES TABLE OF CONTENTS CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS TO WATERSHED DEGRADATION PREAMBLE Page 4 1. INTRODUCTION Page 4 - 6 2. Causes of Watershed Degradation Page 7 2.1 Land degradation 7 - 8 2.2 Deforestation 8 2.3 Removal of vegetation 8 2.4 Shifting cultivation without adequate fallow periods 9 2.5 Overgrazing 9 2.6 Poor farming methods 9 - 10 2.7 Cultivation of marginal lands 10 - 11 2.8 Improper crop rotations 11 2.9 Unbalanced fertilizer use 11 2.10 Pests and diseases 11 3. Underlying causes†¦show more content†¦But a watershed is more than a collection of streams and adjacent land areas--it is a natural resource system in which humans and other organisms interact with the land and its associated resources for sustenance, shelter, and security. The physical condition of a watershed, therefore, directly affects the health and well being of natural and social systems within its divides and indirectly affects those systems beyond its divides. Degradation of a watershed can have various forms: depletion of water resources, soil erosion and land degradation, impoverishment of the vegetative cover, and damage to the infrastructure. Land degradation is responsible for reduction of the vegetation cover. It can be caused by inadequate land management, overexploitation, and reduced soil fertility, but also by climatic factors. A poor vegetation cover leads to a reduced infiltration rate of the water into the soil and to a loss of water through surface runoff. Surface runoff is one of the reasons for the depletion of water resources on the one hand and for soil erosion on the other hand. Most of the surface runoff is not controlled or effectively used and so lost for the community. In order to profit from the rainwater it has either to infiltrate into the soil and be available for crop production or be intercepted and actively used forShow MoreRelatedProblem Statement Versus Needs Assesment1384 Words   |  6 Pagesof what is cu rrently a problem or an enhancement of a need to be added to a current situation. For example, let’s look at a fictitious rural community facing a particular environmental situation. The federal public land manager in charge of a watershed surrounding the small, rural community of Cottonwood Creek brings a partnership of local stakeholders together worried about the namesake stream that flowed through their town of 4,000 people. The meeting includes representatives from the power generationRead MoreEffects Of Turbiridity Due On Land Use1498 Words   |  6 Pages1)Effects of turbiridity due to land use changes- †¢ Turbidity measures the amount of light scattered from a sample and more suspended particles causes more scattering results in high turbidity. †¢ Turbidity measurements are often used as indicator of water quality based on clarity and total suspended solid particles. Turbidity doesn’t include the dissolved solids which reduces the scattering. †¢ In agricultural lands the receiving water is contaminated by nonpoint pollution due to different agriculturalRead MoreWatershed Issues And Policies Of The Himalayan Region1434 Words   |  6 Pages Sharon Fighter Final Paper Watershed Issues and Policies in the Himalayan Region The Himalayan region provides water to more than 150 million people in the uplands and lowlands, and the water basins support 1.5 billion people who inhabit the area, and up to 3 billion people rely on the food and energy produced using the Himalayan watershed (1). The glaciers in the Himalayas deliver large quantities of runoff to the major tributaries of the Ganges and the rivers in the adjacent basins (2). TheseRead MoreThe Chesapeake Bay Is The Most Massive Estuary Of The United States Of America1746 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION The Chesapeake Bay is the most massive estuary in the United States of America. Spanning lengths over 300,000 meters, this it is a watershed that extends over six states, the District of Columbia, and meets the needs of over 15 million individuals. With its high rate of productivity, its economic and social importance to the surrounding areas, and its close proximity to the U.S. capital, the Chesapeake has the recipient of significant attention for quite some time(Boesch, Donald). OneRead MoreThe Effect Of Temperature And Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Associated With Wildfires1386 Words   |  6 Pagesladder fuels within forests across this region. Both of these factors are now contributing to more frequent and more extreme fires in recent years. These catastrophic fires cause significant changes to ground cover along stream corridors. The loss of ground cover significantly increases the amount of sediment entering watersheds, which can alter both temperature and dissolved oxygen levels throughout the system. The purpose of this paper is to examine the cha nges in water temperature and dissolvedRead MoreThe Effect Of Temperature And Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Associated With Wildfires1374 Words   |  6 Pagesladder fuels within forests across this region. Both of these factors are now contributing to more frequent and more extreme fires in recent years. These catastrophic fires cause significant changes to ground cover along stream corridors. The loss of ground cover significantly increases the amount of sediment entering watersheds, which can alter both temperature and dissolved oxygen levels throughout the system. The purpose of this paper is to examine the changes in water temperature and dissolvedRead MoreHow Do Minerals Affect Society? Minerals1679 Words   |  7 Pagesground to reach the mineral ore and then constructing horizontal shafts or tunnels to the mineral ore. The ore is the pumped onto the surface. Strip Mining: It involves stripping the surface layers of the earth so as to reveal the mineral ore 3. What effect does extracting minerals have on the environment? During underground mining processes the land may collapse causing the land above to sink. Again, during mining, the release of gases and dust seriously affect soil, water and air. Acid drainage fromRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environment1269 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduction of harmful toxins in an aquatic food chain can result in high levels of contamination in fish, which can be harmful to humans who eat them. State and national agencies monitoring our waters is essential to understanding the effects of water degradation. Every state in the United States has developed standards for fish consumption advisories and restrictions to protect the population from potential health hazards, particularly recreational fishing (Lepak et al.,2009). By continually definingRead MoreEssay on The Genesee River Watershed1994 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: The Genesee River Watershed. The Genesee River and its watershed is a major tributary to Lake Ontario. The river originates in the Allegheny Plateau in the town of Ulysses, Potter County, Pennsylvania, about fifteen miles south of the New York State border (GFLRPC, 2004). The river flows north through Allegheny, Livingston, and Monroe Counties and forming a portion of two borders between Livingston County and Wyoming or Monroe Counties. Letchworth State Park runs along the GeneseeRead MoreNigeri An Essential Requirement For Sustainable Agricultural Production Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagesseason known as â€Å"August break†, which is usually experienced in the last two weeks of August. Degradation Nigeria is a developing country and the most populous country in Africa. There has been always the quest to feed the needy. There is freedom to almost everything in the country. Most of the laws governing the environment are nearly inactive. Thus, making the country to suffer soil degradation. Almost every Nigerian is a farmer and children are being taught agriculture both in primary and

New York MTA Free Essays

Traditional market structure suggests that all market decisions should be based on utilitarian theory. We often witness market decisions which neglect other important aspects of the market activity. As a result, we appear under the impact of one-side unbalanced decisions which ultimately neglect the principles of morality and moral theology of the marketplace. We will write a custom essay sample on New York MTA or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rising fares and tolls by MTA  Ã¢â‚¬Å"After an unusually vigorous and spirited debate, the board of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority voted to raise fares on subways, buses and commuter railroads and tolls on bridges and tunnels† (Chan, 2007a). Why is it so surprising that not all members of the MTA board wanted to turn into the proponents of fares and tolls’ increase? Does this mean that more and more political and business players realize the importance of morality in taking market decisions? Evidently, the situation is much worse than one may imagine. One may initially think that increasing the fares will lead to less traffic congestion, and will urge more people to use public transport; yet, the public transport fares are being raised, too. From the viewpoint of those who vote for raising fares and tolls in New York, this decision is the first step towards â€Å"fiscal responsibility. The authority had for long applied windfalls and real estate taxes hoping that someone would bail us out and turning a blind eye to our responsibility to put this MTA on a firm future monetary structure† (Chan, 2007a). Simultaneously, from the viewpoint of morality and theology of the marketplace, commercial activity is not limited by rational market decisions, but also â€Å"confronts us with the moral predicaments† (Gregg, 2004). The major concern within this situation is that the decision to raise fares has completely neglected the position of those whom we traditionally consider to be vulnerable populations. The representative of Working Families Party is confident that raising fares will seriously hit working people (Benjamin, 2007). â€Å"Today, once again middle class New Yorkers and those struggling to make it, are bearing the cost†, Rep. Anthony Weiner said (Benjamin, 2007). â€Å"A fare hike now is the wrong choice for New York. It would hit many people who are struggling hard to make ends meet and hurt the region’s economy. [†¦] This fare hike will hit 86 percent of the riding public who use fare discounts. These include pay-per-ride bonus MetroCards and 7- and 30-day unlimited-ride passes. It’s also a double whammy for most L.I.R.R. and Metro-North commuters whose railroad fares would go up!† (Chan, 2007b) The discussed fare hike will also cause the bonuses’ decrease for riders (from 20 to 15 percent), and the discounted fare will cost $1.74 instead of $1.67 (Chan, 2007b). The problem is that New Yorkers pay more than they have to for the transport they use. â€Å"In 2005, riders paid 55 percent of the costs of running the subways and buses† (Chan, 2007b). Objectively, this is much higher that the riders in other cities pay: those in Boston do not compensate more than 29 percent of the discussed costs, and those in Philadelphia pay no more than 37 percent (Chan, 2007b). As the M.T.A reports $140 million reductions, does this mean that they will make the riders pay this amount through higher fares and tolls? Doubtlessly, the suggested fares and tolls increase will help compensate the under-financing of the MTA by the state Government, but if the decision framework remains unchanged, this compensation will actually take place for the account of the already mentioned vulnerable populations. â€Å"To rely upon utilitarianism as the moral – philosophical foundation of the case for the market creates tremendous difficulties for Catholics† (Gregg, 2004). The utilitarian desire to find the greatest good and to satisfy the masses does not meet the ethical and moral criteria of religion. Those who were taking the decision to raise the fares and tolls in New York have neglected one essential aspect in their decision making: when one looks for the means to produce the greatest pleasure for the greatest number of people, one has to perform numerous calculations and to produce the decision which satisfies everyone. From the viewpoint of moral theology, such calculations in market decision-making are simply impossible. â€Å"No person can make such an assessment without admitting a tremendous degree of ignorance about all the possible effects that might proceed from a freely chosen act† (Gregg, 2004). The MTA governors have evidently gone beyond their reasonable abilities, trying to persuade us that that the future with raised fares and tolls for everyone was better than other possible alternatives. The MTA board members view the increased tolls and fares as the means to close the gaps in MTA’s budget and to provide safe and reliable system of transportation for the New York’s citizens. However, it is not the ultimate goal for those who use public transport and belong to vulnerable layers of the city population. Conclusion The moral theology of marketplace rejects any uniform measures in defining the goals of decision making. This is why the governors should have considered the financial opportunities of those who cannot afford paying more for using public transport. The diversified structure of prices would resolve all moral and ethical issues, and would not create serious obstacles on the way towards better functioning of the city’s transportation systems. References Benjamin, E. (2007). MTA fare hike reactions (updated). Daily News. Retrieved February 17, 2008 from http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dailypolitics/2007/12/mta-fare-hike-reactions.html Chan, S. (2007a). Board approves subway and bus fare increase. The New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2008 from http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/19/mta-board-approves-fare-and-toll-increases/index.html?hp Chan, S. (2007b). Hundreds stranded online by botched M.T.A. â€Å"Webinar†. The New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2008 from http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/mixed-reaction-to-new-mta-fare-plan/?hp Gregg, S. (2004). Ethics and the market economy: Insights from Catholic moral theology. IEA Economic Affairs, June, pp. 4-10. How to cite New York MTA, Essay examples

Six Point Movement in Bangladesh free essay sample

After the announcement of 6 points by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1966, the then Bhashani NAP, pro-China Communist groups and Chhatra Union (Menon Group) were the first to articulate their reaction. They claimed that the 6 points were in fact the creation of American intelligence agency, CIA. Its aim was to develop rapport with the USA by creating problems for Ayub Khan. But such an explanation on the origin of 6 points was not accepted or proved by anyone later. Some people opine that the 6 points were in fact the creation of some Bangali CSP officers — Ruhul Quddus, Shamsur Rahman Khan, Ahmed Fazlur Rahman. A segment of the people are of the view that the 6 points were the joint production of intellectuals including the economics professor of Dhaka University. Alongside this, another quarter believes that the 6 points were prepared by a group of leftist politicians of India. There was another segment who used to claim that Ayub Khan used his favorite bureaucrat Altaf Gauhar to prepare the document and then handed that over to Khairul Kabir (the then General Manager of Krishi Bank). We will write a custom essay sample on Six Point Movement in Bangladesh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His goal was to elicit political dividends. Because of these contradictory claims and contrary views regarding the drafting of 6 points, its origin still remains unclear and shrouded in mystery. The 6 points 1. The constitution should provide for a Federation of Pakistan in its true sense based on the Lahore Resolution and the parliamentary form of government with supremacy of a Legislature directly elected on the basis of universal adult franchise. 2. The federal government should deal with only two subjects: Defence and Foreign Affairs, and all other residual subjects should be vested in the federating states. . Two separate, but freely convertible currencies for two wings should be introduced; or if this is not feasible, there should be one currency for the whole country, but effective constitutional provisions should be introduced to stop the flight of capital from East to West Pakistan. Furthermore, a separate Banking Reserve should be established and separate fiscal and monetary policy be adopted for East Pakistan. 4. Th e power of taxation and revenue collection should be vested in the federating units and the federal centre would have no such power. The federation would be entitled to a share in the state taxes to meet its expenditures. 5. There should be two separate accounts for the foreign exchange earnings of the two wings; the foreign exchange requirements of the federal government should be met by the two wings equally or in a ratio to be fixed; indigenous products should move free of duty between the two wings, and the constitution should empower the units to establish trade links with foreign countries. 6. East Pakistan should have a separate militia or paramilitary force. Six-point Programme a charter of demands enunciated by the A for removing disparity between the two wings of Pakistan and bring to an end the internal colonial rule of West Pakistan in East Bengal. The Indo-Pak War of 1965 ended with the execution of Taskent Treaty. To the old grievances of economic disparity added the complain of negligence and indifference of central government towards the defence of East Pakistan. Bangabandhu   was vocal on this issue. The leaders of the opposition parties of West Pakistan convened a national convention at Lahore on 6 February 1966 with a view to ascertain the post-Taskent political trend. Bangabandhu reached Lahore on 4 February along with the top leaders of Awami League, and the day following he placed the Six-point Charter of demand before the subject committee as the demands of the people of East Pakistan. He created pressure to include his proposal in the agenda of the conference. They rejected the proposal of Bangabandhu. On the following day the newspapers of West Pakistan published reports on the Six-point programme, and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was projected as a separatist. Consequently Sheikh Mujib abandoned the conference. The Six-point programme along with a proposal of movement for the realisation of the demands was placed before the meeting of the working committee of Awami League on 21 February 1966, and the proposal was carried out unanimously. A booklet on the Six-point Programme with introduction from Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib and Tajuddin Ahmad was published. Another booklet entitled Amader Banchar Dabi : 6-dafa Karmasuchi (Our demands for existence : 6-points Programme) was published in the name of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and was distributed in the council meeting of Awami League held on 18 March 1966. Six points 1. The constitution should provide for a Federation of Pakistan in its true sense on the Lahore Resolution and the parliamentary form of government with supremacy of a Legislature directly elected on the basis of universal adult franchise. 2. The federal government should deal with only two subjects : Defence and Foreign Affairs, and all other residuary subjects shall be vested in the federating states. 3. Two separate, but freely convertible currencies for two wings should be introduced ; or if this is not feasible, there should be one currency for the whole country, but effective constitutional provisions should be introduced to stop the flight of capital from East to West Pakistan. Furthermore, a separate Banking Reserve should be established and separate fiscal and monetary policy be adopted for East Pakistan. 4. The power of taxation and revenue collection shall be vested in the federating units and the federal centre will have no such power. The federation will be entitled to a share in the state taxes to meet its expenditures. 5. There should be two separate accounts for the foreign exchange earnings of the two wings ; the foreign exchange requirements of the federal government should be met by the two wings equally or in a ratio to be fixed; indigenous products should move free of duty between the two wings, and the constitution should empower the units to establish trade links with foreign countries. . East Pakistan should have a separate militia or paramilitary force. The opposition leaders of West Pakistan looked at Mujibs Six-point Programme as a device to disband Pakistan, and hence they outright rejected his proposal. The Ayub government arrested him and put him on trial what is known as AGARTALA CONSPIRACY CASE. The case led to widespread agitation in East Pakistan culminating in t he mass uprising of early 1969. Under public pressure, government was forced to release him unconditionally on 22 February 1969. The Awami League sought public mandate in favour of the six point programme in the general elections of 1970 in which Mujib received the absolute mandate from the people of East Pakistan in favour of his six point. But Zulfiqar Ali Bhuttu refused to join the session of the National Assembly scheduled to be held on 3 March 1971 unless a settlement was reached between the two leaders beforehand. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his party sat in a protracted dialogue from 15 March 1971. The dialogue failed to produce any positive result. The army crackdown of 25 March sealed the fate of the six point including the fate of Pakistan. [Ashfaq Hossain] The Significance of the Six-Point Movement and its Impact on Bangladesh’s Struggle for Freedom and Self-determination Introduction: The historic Six-Point movement in 1966 was the turning point in Bangladesh’s quest for greater autonomy and self-determination from Pakistan’s colonial domination. The six-point demand has been widely credited as the ‘charter of freedom’ in the history of Bangladesh’s struggle for freedom and independence. The six-point plan had envisaged, among other things, a full-blown federal form of Government based on the 1940 Lahore Resolution, a parliamentary system of government directly elected by the people on the basis of adult franchise, two separate currencies or two reserve banks for the two wings of Pakistan, and a para-military force for East Pakistan. The spectacular success of the six-point movement in 1966 had prompted the ruling coterie of Pakistan to discredit the organizers of this movement. Although Ayub Khan’s diabolical regime had used various brutal punitive measures against the proponents, organizers and supporters of the six-point formula, this historic movement had seriously impacted and conditioned the subsequent political development in Pakistan. The main purpose of this paper is to assess the significance of the six-point movement and its impact on Bangladesh’s struggle for freedom and self-determination. Once the main contents of the six-point plan are summarized, the nature, magnitude, and impact of the six-point movement will be appraised. Aimed at substantiating and validating my own observations about the magnitude and impact of the six-point movement, some scholarly observations will be cited. Finally, some concluding remarks will be made. The Six-Point Plan: the Main Elements Sheikh Mujibur Rhaman, the then General Secretary of the East Pakistan Awami League (EPAL), had personally submitted the six-point program to the subject-matter committee of the All-Party Meeting of the opposition political parties of the then Pakistan in Lahore on February 5, 1966. Based on his â€Å"6-Point Formula: Our Right to Live† [March 23, 1966], the chief demands and themes of the historic six-point plan are being summarized as follows: Point 1: â€Å"The Constitution should provide for a Federation of Pakistan in its true sense on the basis of [1940] Lahore Resolution, and Parliamentary form of Government with supremacy of legislature directly elected on the basis of universal adult franchise. † Point 2: The Federal Government of Pakistan â€Å"shall deal with only two subjects, viz. defense and Foreign Affairs, and all other residuary subjects shall vest in the federating states. † Point 3: â€Å"Two separate but freely convertible currencies for two wings [of Pakistan] should be introduced;† or if this is not feasible, there should be one currency for the whole country, but effective constitutional provisions should be introduced to stop the flight of capital from East to West Pakistan. Furthermore, a separate Banking Rese rve should be established and separate fiscal and monetary policy to be adopted for East Pakistan. Point 4: The power of taxation and revenue collection shall be vested in the â€Å"federating units and the Federal Centre will have no such power. † However, the Federation will be entitled to have a share in the state taxes to meet its expenditures. â€Å"The Consolidated Federal Fund shall come out of a levy of certain percentage of all state taxes. † Point 5: There should be two separate accounts for the foreign exchange earnings of the two wings with clear assurance that â€Å"earnings of East Pakistan shall be under the control of East Pakistan Government and that of West Pakistan under the control of West Pakistan Government. And the â€Å"foreign exchange requirements of the Federal Government [of Pakistan] should be met by the two wings equally or in a ratio to be fixed. The indigenous products should move free of duty between the two wings. † The Constitution should â€Å"empower the units [provinces] to establish trade and commercial relations with, set up trade missions in and enter into agreements with foreign countries. † Point 6: East Pakistan should have a separate â€Å"militia† or â€Å"para-military† force. Immediate Reactions of the Pakistani Political Leaders to the Six-Point Plan Instead of endorsing Sheikh Mujib’s legitimate six-point-based demand for â€Å"maximum† provincial autonomy, the mainstream leaders of the so-called opposition parties for establishing democracy in Pakistan were not even willing to include his proposal in the official agenda of the conference for initiating discussion on the merits or demerits of the of the proposed six-point demands. In fact, no West Pakistani political leaders (not even Nawabzada Nasarullah Khan, the President of the then All-Pakistan Awami League) were willing to lend any support to Sheikh Mujib’s clarion call for maximum provincial autonomy based on the proposed six-point program. It is also really appalling to recapitulate even after forty long years that the non-Awami League delegates from the then East Pakistan did not endorse the six-point demand. Like their West-Pakistani counterparts, Bengali speaking renegades had also smelled an element of â€Å"secession† or â€Å"disintegration† of Pakistan in the six-point program. In fact, Sheikh Mujib’s six-point demand could not be pried out of the â€Å"subject-matter committee† of that so-called All-party conference. Rather, the proposed six-point anchored proposal for maximum provincial autonomy had received frontal attacks from the mainstream ruling elite of Pakistan. The veteran West Pakistani political stalwarts, in conjunction with their cohorts from the then East Pakistan, had started a slanderous propaganda campaign against Sheikh Mujibur Rahman the chief architect and proponent of the six-point charter even though most of those instant criticisms of the roposed six-point program were characterized by blatant falsehoods, conjectures, distortions, and innuendoes. Yet Sheikh Mujibur Rahman refused to be blackmailed or intimidated by those critics. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s Immediate Response to the Critics In a press conference at Lahore on February 10, 1966, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman had pointed out the uselessness and irrelevance of the All-Party Conference. He had clearly articulated that the question of demanding genuine â€Å"provincial autonomy† based on the proposed six-point program should not be misconstrued or dismissed as â€Å"provincialism. † He underscored that the proposed six-point demand was not designed to harm the common people of West Pakistan. He had pointed out that the 17-day war between Pakistan and India (1965) made it crystal clear to the â€Å"East Pakistanis† that the defense of East Pakistan couldn’t be contingent upon the mercy or courtesy of West Pakistan. He reminded the audience that instead of relying on West Pakistan for its own defense a distant land located one thousand miles away, East Pakistan should be made self-sufficient for the purpose of defending itself from external aggression. He also made it abundantly clear that his six-point plan for â€Å"maximum† provincial autonomy reflected the long-standing demands of the people of East Pakistan. On his return from Lahore to Dhaka on February 11, 1966, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman had provided further clarification on his six-point demands in a press conference. He explained why he had disassociated himself from the All-Party conference in Lahore. He had clearly stated that the delegates from East Pakistan Awami League (EPAL) had rejected not only the proposals passed by the All-Party Conference but also severed all ties with the disgruntled leaders of this so-called conference of the opposition parties. He said that it was not at all possible for him or his party to â€Å"betray the genuine interests† of the aggrieved and deprived people of East Pakistan. He emphasized that the immediate adoption and implementation of his six-point demand â€Å"will be conducive to foster durable relationship between two provinces of Pakistan. † In a press conference on February 14, 1966, he reiterated that the â€Å"the question of autonomy appears to be more important for East Pakistan after the 17-day war between Pakistan and India. The time is ripe for making East Pakistan self-sufficient in all respects. † Reaction of Ayub Khan’s Dictatorial Regime to the Six-Point Plan Immediately after the provincial autonomy plan based on the six-point formula was unveiled by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at the Lahore conference of opposition political parties in early February, 1966, the military autocracy of the self-declared Field Marshal Ayub Khan was quick to denounce it as a separatist or secessionist move. Aimed at browbeating the dedicated champions of greater provincial autonomy, Ayub Khan, the autocratic President of the then Islamic Republic of Pakistan, had started discrediting both the message and the messenger of the six-point program. Appearing in the final session of the Pakistan (Convention) Muslim League in Dhaka on March 21,1966 (of course being fully attired in the army General’s khaki uniform with full display of all of his regalia and medallions), the self-declared President of the then Pakistan had condemned the six-point based plan for maximum provincial autonomy in the harshest possible terms. Characterizing the six-point formula for provincial autonomy as a demand for â€Å"greater sovereign Bengal,† Ayub Khan had claimed that such a plan would put the â€Å"Bengali Muslims† under the permanent domination of the â€Å"caste Hindus† of neighboring West Bengal. Comparing the â€Å"prevailing situation† in Pakistan [as of March, 1966] with the volatile situation that had existed in the USA before the outbreak of a prolonged Civil War in early 1860s, the self-serving President of Pakistan also arrogated himself by saying that the nation might have to face a â€Å"civil war† if such were forced upon â€Å"him† by the â€Å"secessionists. † He had even threatened the â€Å"autonomists† and â€Å"secessionists† with â€Å"dire consequences† if they failed to shun the idea of six-point based movement for provincial autonomy. He had also the audacity to underscore that the â€Å"language of weapons† would be ruthlessly employed for exterminating the â€Å"secessionist elements from Pakistan. † Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the flamboyant Foreign Minister of Pakistan, had openly challenged Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to a public debate on the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed six-point plan at Paltan Maidan in Dhaka. To the chagrin of the Ayub regime, Tajuddin Ahmed, number 2 person in the then Awami League, took up the challenge on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Unfortunately, it was Z. A. Bhutto who did not show up for debate! Abdul Monem Khan, the then infamous Governor of East Pakistan, had publicly stated that â€Å"as long as I remain Governor of this province (East Pakistan), I would see to it that Sheikh Mujibur Rahman remains in jail. † Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Launches the Six-Point Movement In response to such false accusations and vile threats, a fearless Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was quick to respond. In a mammoth public gathering at Paltan Maidan, he thundered: â€Å"No amount of naked threats can deviate the deprived Bangalees from their demand for provincial autonomy based on their six-point demands. The greatest champion of Bangalees’ rights for self-determination, along with top leaders of the Awami League, kept on addressing numerous public meetings in the nooks and corners of the then East Pakistan. Without wasting a moment, the entire Awami League and the East Pakistan Students’ League (EPSL), its student front, were geared toward mobilizing and motivating the general mass es in favor of demanding self-government and autonomy based on the six-point program. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman had presented not only the bold proposal for â€Å"maximum provincial autonomy† but he also launched a viable mass movement (which he himself led till he was put in jail on May 9, 1966) for popularizing and mobilizing support for the six-point program. After proposing his historic six-point program, he had actually invested all of his energies and resources in disseminating the fundamental message of â€Å"maximum autonomy† for East Pakistan. He started articulating both the rationale and justification for proposing â€Å"maximum provincial autonomy† based on his six-point plan. However, before launching a full-fledged mass movement for realizing his six-point demands, Sheikh Mujib had initiated some strategic intra-party measures. The Council Session of the East Pakistan Awami League (EPAL) met on March 18, 19, 20, 1966, and that council session had also restructured the working Committee of the party. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Tajuddin Ahmed were unanimously elected the President and General Secretary respectively of the newly revamped Awami League. The proposed six-point program was also unanimously endorsed by that historic council session for realizing maximum provincial autonomy for the then East Pakistan. To the dismay of Pakistan’s ruling coterie, the six-point program had generated a great deal of enthusiasm among the people of the then East Pakistan. As noted by Dr. Talukder Maniruzzaman: â€Å"To say that this [six-point] programme evoked tremendous enthusiasm among the people of East Bengal would be an understatement. Encouraged by overwhelming popular support, Sheikh Mujib convened a meeting of the EPAL Council [March 18-20, 1966] at which his [Six-Point] programme was unanimously approved and he was elected President of the [Awami League] party. With a phalanx of organizers from the Student’s League, Sheikh Mujib then launched a vigorous campaign. For about three months (from mid-February to mid-May), the urban centers of East Bengal seemed to be in the grip of a ‘mass revolution,’ prompting the Central Government to arrest Sheikh Mujib and his chief lieutenants (Tajuddin Ahmed, Khandokar Mustaq Ahmed, Mansoor Ali, Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury, and others) under the [infamous] Defense of Pakistan Rules and put down a complete general strike in Dacca (June 7, 1966) by killing 13 participating strikers† [Talukder Maniruzzaman, The Bangladesh Revolution and Its Aftermath, UPL, 1988. P. 25]. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s demand for â€Å"maximum autonomy† based on his six-point formula seems to have shaken the foundation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The six-point plan had exposed the fact that the real intention of Pakistan’s ruling elite was to â€Å"strengthen† the Punjabi-Mohajir dominated Central Government. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman repeatedly said in several public meetings that that the people of Pakistan had always desired a â€Å"strong Pakistan,† not a â€Å"strong Central Government. The entire ruling establishment of Pakistan was alarmed, and obviously, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the chief proponent of the six-point program, had become the main target of negative publicity. He had to endure various virulent forms of harassment, intimidation, and fraudulent cases. Instead of fairly addressing the legitimate grievances and demands of the neglected eastern province of Pakistan, the power elite took a deliberate decision to s uppress the quest for maximum provincial autonomy through the use of colonial types of repressive methods and procedures.

Vietnam War Essay

Vietnam War Essay Vietnam War Essay Beth Field Babcock CP English 4 December 3, 2014 Vietnam War The United States got involved in Vietnam was to stop the â€Å"Domino Theory.† The domino theory is when a country becomes Communist then another becomes Communist. We got involved to help the French, who were trying to fight them before we even got involved. In July of 1950 The United States Pledged fifteen million worth of military aid to help France fight Vietnam. In the 50s Eisenhower sent advisors to help train French to retaliate against Vietnam and in the 60s JFK sent in special ops to train the military already there. In 1964, American warships were fired at by North Vietnam, but they aren’t sure who fired first. This made congress allow military to be sent into Vietnam. March 8, 1965, the first set of troops were sent into Vietnam and by December of 1968 the amount of troop reached around 540,000. Guerilla warfare was one of the major tactics used during war and it didn’t focus power in one spot. North Vietnam would not battle Americans unless they bel ieved they would win. Each person in the NLF had to dig about three feet tunnels every day. They were not used as shelter but a fighting base. It made it so they could use there offense tactics even when the village was being taken over. One tactic used by the U.S. was body bag but, it didn’t work. They were killing as many as they could, and Vietnam just accepted death and continued the fight. The U.S. casualty went forty to one. The draft worked like a

Virginia Colony in Colonial America

Virginia Colony in Colonial America In 1607,  Jamestown became Great Britains first settlement in North America, the first foothold of the Virginia Colony. Its permanency came after three failed attempts by Sir Walter Raleigh beginning in 1586 to attempt to establish a stronghold in the land he called Virginia after his queen, Elizabeth I. And its continued survival was very much in doubt for the first fifteen years. Fast Facts: Virginia Colony Also Known As: Colony and Dominion of VirginiaNamed After: Queen Elizabeth I (the Virgin Queen), named by Walter RaleighFounding Year: 1606Founding Country: EnglandFirst Known European Settlement: Jamestown, 1607Residential Native Communities: Powhatan, MonacansFounders:  Walter Raleigh, John SmithImportant People: Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, Thomas Dale, Thomas Gates, Pocahontas, Samuel Argall, John RolfeFirst Continental Congressmen: Richard Bland, Benjamin Harrison, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, Edmund Pendleton, Peyton Randolph, George WashingtonSigners of the Declaration: George Wythe, Richard Herny Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton Early Colonial Life On April 10, 1606, King James I (ruled 1566–1625) issued a charter creating two companies for Virginia, one based in London and one in Plymouth, to settle all of the land between the Passamaquoddy Bay in Maine and the Cape Fear River in North Carolina. Plymouth would get the north half and London the south.   The Londoners left on December 20, 1606, in three ships carrying 100 men and four boys, and they landed in what is today the Chesapeake Bay area. A landing party scouted for a suitable area, and the three ships worked their way up what they called (and is still called) the James River, landing at the site of Jamestown on May 13, 1607. The location of Jamestown was chosen because it would be easily defended since it was surrounded by water on three sides; the water was deep enough for the colonists ships, and Native Americans did not inhabit the land. Unfortunately, there were reasons the Native Americans did not inhabit the land; there was no potable water source, and the marshy landscape emitted great clouds of mosquitoes and flies. Disease, heat, and skirmishes with the Native Americans consumed both colonists and their supplies and by the time the first supply ship arrived in September, only 37 of the original 104 colonists were living. The Starving Time Captain John Smith assumed the colonys leadership in September 1608, and his leadership is credited with improving conditions and stockpiling stores. England continued to send supplies and colonists and in late Spring 1609, after the colony had been reorganized into a joint stock venture, London sent nine ships and 500 colonists. The ship bearing the deputy governor Thomas Gates wrecked off the Bermuda coast. The 400 survivors straggled into Jamestown in the late summer, too sick to work but fully capable of consuming the stockpile of stores. Disease and famine set in, and between October 1609 and March 1610, the colony population dropped from 500 to about 60. The winter became known as The Starving Time, and the colony became known as a deathtrap. During the early period of the colony, Jamestown was primarily a military outpost, populated by men, either gentlemen or indentured servants/ The servants who survived were obligated to work for their passage for a period of seven years. By 1614, those indentures began to expire and those who chose to remain became free laborers. Signs of Recovery Leadership of the colony by Thomas Dale and Thomas Gates kept the colony going between 1610 and 1616, and the colony began to grow strong after John Rolfe began his experiments with tobacco, Nicotiana rustica, to make it more palatable to the English taste.  When a royal family member of the Powhatan tribe named Pocahontas married John Rolfe in 1614, relations with the Native American community eased. That ended when she died in England in 1617. The first enslaved African Americans were brought to the colony in 1619. Jamestown had a high mortality rate due to disease, colonial mismanagement, and raids from Native Americans. The presence of women and family units encouraged some growth and stability, but factionalism and fiscal insolvency continued to plague Virginia. In 1622, a Powhatan attack on Virginia killed 350 settlers, plunging the colony into warfare that lasted a decade. Charter Changes Jamestown was originally founded from a desire to gain wealth and to a lesser extent to convert the natives to Christianity. Jamestown went through several forms of government in its first decades, and by 1624, they used a representative assembly known as the House of Burgesses, the first institutional instance of representative self-government on the North American continent. Threatened by the House of Burgesses, though, James I revoked the charter of the bankrupt Virginia Company in 1624, but his timely death in 1625 ended his plans for disbanding the assembly.  The colonys formal name was the Colony and Dominion of Virginia.   Virginia and the American Revolution Virginia was involved in fighting against what they saw as British tyranny from the end of the French and Indian War. The Virginia General Assembly fought against the Sugar Act which had been passed in 1764. They argued that it was taxation without representation. In addition, Patrick Henry was a Virginian who used his powers of rhetoric to argue against the Stamp Act of 1765 and legislation was passed opposing the act. A Committee of Correspondence was created in Virginia by key figures including Thomas Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee, and Patrick Henry. This was a method by which the different colonies communicated with each other about the growing anger against the British.   Virginia residents who were sent to the First Continental Congress in 1774 included Richard Bland, Benjamin Harrison, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, Edmund Pendleton, Peyton Randolph, George Washington. Open resistance started in Virginia the day after Lexington and Concord occurred, on April 20, 1775. Other than the Battle of Great Bridge in December 1775, little fighting happened in Virginia though they sent soldiers to help in the war effort. Virginia was one of the earliest to adopt independence, and its hallowed son, Thomas Jefferson, penned the Declaration of Independence in 1776.   Significance First permanent English settlement in the New World at Jamestown.It provided a source of fertile land and great wealth to England in the form of the cash crop, tobacco.With the House of Burgesses, America saw the first institutional instance of representative self-government. Sources and Further Reading Barbour, Philip L. (ed.) The Jamestown Voyages under the First Charter, 1606–1609. London: The Hakluyt Society, 2011.  Billings, Warren M. (ed.). The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606–1700, revised edition. Durham: The University of North Carolina Press, 2007.  Earle, Carville. Environment, Disease, and Mortality in Early Virginia. Journal of Historical Geography 5.4 (1979): 365–90. Print.Hantman, Jeffrey L. Monacan Millennium: A Collaborative Archaeology and History of a Virginia Indian People. University of Virginia Press, 2018.

The Apostle Pauls Contributions to Christianity Essay

The Apostle Pauls Contributions to Christianity - Essay Example There is no figure, other than Jesus Christ, that is more popular in the history of Christianity than the Apostle Paul. This could be a controversial point among Christian believers but the New Testament part of the Bible is the living witness to this claim. Others claimed that based on the four Gospels St. Peter was the first person who was tasked to lead the church established by Jesus Christ and was the key person in the establishment of Christianity and Paul was not even among the 12 disciples. Whoever among them was the first head of the church is not the concern here. Our focus is on the contribution of St. Paul being an apostle of Christ to the organization he has left his followers. Review of the literatures available has led us to a point that St. Paul has the greatest contributions in the growth of the Christian faith from Jewish to the non-Jewish populace of the world. This essay is aimed to present the underlying support facts on this claim based from the books of the New Testament, which are the major source of information concerning the major inputs of St. Paul to the church. Other facts based on the succeeding history could be a good point to consider in evaluating the impact of these contributions. The identified contributions To strengthen the assertion mentioned above it is proper to mention the remarkable achievement of the Apostle Paul in the spread of the Christian religion throughout the world. Among which are: 1) more than 50% of the contents of the books comprising the New Testament can be connected to him, his works in spreading the Good News and the letters he wrote to the early believers and the doctrines these documents contained; and 2) he has traveled more places in the world to spread the Gospels which were instrumental in the conversions of a lot of non-Jewish people to the Christian faith. Because of this he was the key figure in establishing a strong foundation of Christianity and the institution of the Catholic Church in Rome and later throughout the world. The New Testament documents: Messages and doctrines based on early works The first remarkable point we considered as a great contribution of Saint Paul to the Christian society is the collection of books whose contents bear the messages and records of works of his ministry. Among the 27 books of the New Testament, which include the 4 Gospels, Acts, 21 epistles, and the Revelation, majority or about 15 (The Acts and 14 epistles) are accounted to St. Paul (Religious Facts, 2007). There are questions, however, on the authorship of the epistles as it is obvious that St. Paul did not write them personally but the contents were the issue considered here. Scholars who argued that some of these epistles were not written by Paul agreed that they are written by others who have heard Paul's teachings. The Acts only covered in the early chapters the works of the other disciples such as Peter, John, James, and others, and the rest covered the journeys of St. Paul from Jerusalem to other parts of Rome as he proclaimed the message of the Christianity. The Pauline epistles clearly conveyed the message from Apostle Paul, either alone or with other Christian believer with him, for the early believers or community of believers. This does not mean that the other disciples did not do their job. It simply means that Paul's ministry was able to use better means in conveying the message and took a medium that would be instrumental in preserving the teachings through written documents for use by future generations. Most of the teaching contained in the epistles of Paul and the Acts were used as basis of the practices and guiding principles of the early communities especially the non-Jews in the early part of Christian history and were adopted even by the later Christian churches. They were used as reference to clarify misunderstanding between Jew and gentile believers of Christianity. Among the famous teachings of Paul was justification by faith and the exclusion of the

History of Commercial Aviation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of Commercial Aviation - Research Paper Example Passengers could easily book their flights over the telephone. Commuter airlines started as Broome County Aviation Inc. from the start of this airline in 1957 to the end in 1984; this airline was run by the Winston family. This airline carries people over short distances and run on a regular schedule. These short distances may be between Boston and New York. By 1917, the United States government felt that a significant progress had been done in developing planes and warranted a new idea. This new idea was transporting mail by air. During that year, Congress took $100,000 for an experimental airmail service to be carried out jointly by the Post Office and the Army between New York and Washington D.C, with a midway stop in Philadelphia (Wells and Wensveen, 52). With many war-surplus aircrafts been seen, the Post Office set its places of interest on the transcontinental air service. On May 15, 1919, the first segment was opened between Cleveland and Chicago and the air route was completed on September 8, 1920, when the toughest part of the course, the Rocky Mountains, was covered. By the use of airplanes to deliver mail, the Post Office gained the capabilities of shaving a significant 22hours off coast to coast deliveries of mail (Wells and Wensveen, 54). As different governments met the scope and standards for developing civil air industry when the war was ending, the United States took a maximum operating freedom position. The airline companies in the United States were not hit harder such as the Asian and European airline companies. This first choicefor operating organizations goes on, with limitations, to the present day. As World War I, World War II made the airline industry change a lot. Many airline companies in the Allied nations were even from lease agreements to the military. These airline companies anticipated a future increase demand for civil air transport, for both cargo and passengers

Global Warming - Mitigation is Not Feasible Essay examples -- Climate C

Global Warming - Mitigation is Not Feasible I am in the adaptation group, and I am trying to help my teammates by providing information on the greenhouse gas emissions due to transportation sector. I will provide facts that mitigation in transportation is a near failure. The whole purpose of my part in the group is to attack the opponent in the area of greenhouse gas emissions. From the EPA, the major cause of rising global temperature, part of the climate change, is due to excessive greenhouse gas emissions. They will contribute to warm up the Earth’s atmosphere by absorbing radiation and altering the chemical composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. 15,000 pounds of those are emitted annually per person in the US, for which 12500 pounds are carbon dioxide. Transportation sector constituted 27% of the US greenhouse gas emissions. Despise decreases in other sectors, greenhouse gas emissions from transportation sector have been rising 1-4% steadily in the last five years. Transportation mode alternation will affect the emissions in the long run since transportation mode is considered a long-term energy consumption pattern. From the US Census 2000, the vehicle occupancy data will help us better understand the details in the transportation modes in the US. The average vehicle occupancy varies from 1.057-1.145 person per car. Carpool programs can only increase the vehicle occupancy up to 2.27 person per car, which is not up to half of the vehicle’s capacity. The veh...

Jamba Juice Essay

Introduction Jamba Juice is a retailer of beverage and food offerings, owns, operates, and franchises stores in US and different countries. It is the first ever company to offer juice products made with fresh and natural fruits. Jamba Juice was conceived and founded in April 1990 by Kirk Perron, an avid cyclist and healthy lifestyle advocate who opened his first store in San Luis Obispo. It was incorporated in 1990 as Juice Club, Inc. in San Luis Obispo, California. Presently, there are 809 stores globally, Canada, South Korea and Philippines. MISSION: â€Å"To become the world’s leading blender of fruit and other naturally healthy ingredients.† VALUES: â€Å"F.I.B.E.R which stands for fun, integrity, benefits, excellence andresults.† Products and ServicesIt offers fruit smoothies, fresh juices and teas, coconut water, hot oatmeal made with organic steel cut oats, organic tea lattes, fruit and veggie smoothies, frozen yogurts, breakfast wraps, salads, sandwiches, California flatbreads, and various baked goods and snacks; provides catering services for business meetings, corporate getaways, client luncheons, and other events. â€Å"Boosts† are added nutritional supplementation, like extra fiber or calcium and there are boosts that can be added to the smoothies. The idea of boosts in the products is a very innovative idea and Jamba juice is the only one company that follows. It is a great advantage when people know what kind of nutritional element they are getting in their food. Operation For the operational purposes, the distribution of chain of command follows in a store. There are managers in each store. The managers are the ones responsible to command the entire management. Depending on the business of the store, there is an assistant manager. The, the other chain of command is the shift leader or crew leader. The leader is responsible for handling the floor operations and managing the crew that is working on their particular shift. The crew members have their designated jobs assigned. It can be either at cash register or other stations. For the greatest efficiency for operation in a store, there is classification of duties. 1. Order taker/ Cashier 2. Processer 3. Carryout/Pickup Station Supply Chain Supply chain is a very important aspect in any company. The regular chain consists of raw materials, supplier, manufacturing, distribution and consumer. The supply chain for Jamba Juice Company is described as follows: 1. Raw Materials: fruits, vegetables, milk, yogurt 2. Supplier: fruit vendors, different farms from different states and other countries. For Example: Oranges from Florida, blueberries and raspberries from Chile and Argentina apples from Washington state, New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. 3. Manufacturing: classification and assembly of fruits 4. Distribution: Jamba juice company stores all over USA and the international locations 5. Customer/ Consumer: health conscious customers Issues and problems in operation and supply chain management 1. Raw materials- Fruits are organic, so less preservation time, less time for shipping and distribution 2. Supplier/manufacturer- Expensive shipping methods, seasonal fruits only, so risks of degradation 3. Distribution- less coverage due to decreased shipping time 4. Customer- price is expensive, seasonal choices of products Suggested solution 1. Try to focus on local markets and promote the seasonal fruit products as specials to increase sales, 2. Advertisements, publicity of health benefits, calorie counts, merchandise, store decoration to promote sales 3. Providing coupons, deals, free samples, with different promotional strategies to increase sales 4. Contribution and support for the health events such as marathons for a cause to bring in more business and also promote the health benefits Conclusion Jamba juice is a well-known company for its healthy products. Being in a competitive market, they have to focus on the local vendors and farms, marketing and sponsorship for marathons, sporting events, etc. to promote their main goal of health promotion. Their business is improving but along with that, the health promotion of consumers is the ultimate goal. It is a win-win situation for both sides. // o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t=†Ã¢â‚¬ ,o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "studymoose.com"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

Term Paper on What is Postmodernism

Abstract Postmodernism is not really easy to define, taking into account this fact that such would violate the postmodernists argument that no distinct, boundaries, terms or absolute truths exist. In this case, the term â€Å"postmodernism† remains totally vague, given that those claiming to be postmodernists have unreliable opinions and beliefs on various issues  (Johannes). Several issues are critical to this, for example are politics, religion, nationalism, and war the outcome of a primordial human mentality? Does truth exist or it’s an illusion? Can Christianity allege primacy or dictate human morals? This list is endless particularly for those affected by a postmodern lifestyle and philosophy  (Christopher). This write up focuses on Postmodernism school of thought. Introduction Postmodern philosophy unilaterally is a philosophical path critical of the foundational structures and assumptions of philosophy. Commencing as a mere critique of the Continental philosophy, it was to a larger extent heavily influenced by existentialism, structuralism and phenomenology. Postmodern philosophy is cynical or merely nihilistic towards most of the assumptions and values of philosophy that originate from modernity, like humanity having some essence that differentiates humans from other animals, or just the postulation that a form of government is perceptibly better than another. Some of the proponents of this school of thought include Rousseau, Kant, Hume, Wittgenstein Hegel, Kierkegaard, Marx, Nietzsche Schopenhauer, Dewey, Freud, Fichte, Quine among others  (Vincent) Main Text Post modernism In the recent years, many philosophers of education have paid a lot of attention to trends in philosophy. This may loosely be defined as â€Å"postmodernist.† The fact that post modernism is not definable is a truism  (Christopher). However, Postmodernism is   a set of strategic, critical and rhetorical practices which employs concepts like the difference, the trace, repetition   and the simulacrum so as to destabilize other concepts like presence, historical progress,   identity and epistemic   certainty. It is also defined as a practice in the contemporary culture that is characterized by the rejection of the world cultural narrative and the objective truth. It lays much of its emphasis on power relations, the role of language, and even motivations: particularly it criticizes the use of the sharp classifications like the male and the female, the white and the black among others. The postmodernism is an intentional departure from the modernism approaches to the phil osophy that was in use before. In this paper, I will examine some of the trends within the modern philosophy and see the implications that it may have on both the pedagogy in the schools and for research and teaching in the philosophy of education  (Mary). Despite a lot of critiques from philosophers, the postmodernism is still used in the world today. It has enabled us to see the reality in a more complex way than we did before. Reality doesn’t exist objectively rather its part of our creation the postmodernists claim.   The postmodernist movement has led to a salutary revival of the metaphysics. The post modernism has also rightly questioned the idea of unchanging, universal, and the unified self which has total knowledge and control of what it says thinks and does. For this reason, the postmodernism is still studied. The post modernists requires main shift in our conception of inquiry. Thus, we should perceive ourselves as seeking to reveal the pre-existing reality rather than involving ourselves in the knowledge creation  (Christopher). Implications for pedagogy The foregoing has many implications on educational practice; however, due to space I will outline a few main ones. Firstly, the students in schools need to be helped to perceive hoe ideas and even institutions are tailored to fit people’s interests and values: for instance how a novel or a book expresses the distinctive needs and the background of the author. This will call for the need to involve the use of the technical language. Rorty, maintains that primary and secondary education is â€Å"a matter of socialization of trying to inculcate the sense of citizenship.† Whether this true or false, it’s none of the educators business in his professional capacity. But this is not only an inexplicable but also an extraordinary betrayal of post modernism. So the postmodernism emphasizes that schools should incorporate in their teaching social conventions and institutions than they do currently  (Fredric). We should help students to find the foundations of their lives. The contemporary culture is characterized by the lack of the sense of direction and stability. This is also a factor in trends in politics and religion. Students need to find the enduring values and ideals which contradicts not their experience of reality but provide a basis of each day living. This point can be put by encouraging students to engage in the general theorizing on reality and even life. The postmodernist emphasis on the concrete, local concerns is vital and hence should be applied in education: the studies in schools are too abstract and of little relevance. However, learning should be a combination of both the concrete and general  (Mary). Postmodernism emphasizes on democracy and dialogue. It also questions the motives of authorities and downplaying the role of the experts. Thus, we must think in terms of teachers and the students learning together. This is necessary so that the values and even the interests of students are taken into account. This will also change the role of the professionals  (Christopher). The extent to which the teacher is regarded as an expert differs from subject to subject. In subjects such as mathematics, the teacher may know more than the students unlike in values and family life. Lyotard points out the extent to which student in the colleges cal learns from the computerized data banks. Beside, teachers should help students learn how to learn to use those technologies. The great merit of the self directed inquiry is that, students are involved in determining what to learn and why, hence they will be in apposition to express their needs and values  (Johannes). Conclusion Are postmodernists Right and Wrong? Postmodernists do not endeavor to filter their judgment about what is true or false, good or evil, right or wrong. According to them such a thing as absolute truth doesn’t exist. Therefore, nobody has the right to classify truth or force upon others his proposal of moral right and wrong.   In politics they protest the suppression of equal rights by Western societies. The Postmodernists believe that the capitalistic economic system lack equal distribution of salary and goods. The few rich prosper at the expense of the mass populace  (Vincent). I like what all this beliefs defend but most of all their either confused or rather confusing beliefs, for example, The ONLY ABSOLUTE TRUTH is that there are NO ABSOLUTE TRUTHS . References Christopher, B. Postmodernism a very short introduction. London: Oxford University Press, 2002. Fredric, J. Postmodernism or the cultural logic of late capitalism. London: Duke University Press, 1991. Johannes, W., Joseph, P. Postmodernism: the key figures. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. Mary, K. Literary Theory: A Guide for the Perplexed. 20th January 2007. 5th October 2010 http://www.colorado.edu/English/courses/ENGL2012Klages/pomo.html. Vincent, B. Postmodernism: local efects, global flows. New York: Sunny Press, 1996.